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The India Water treatment has become an essential focus area due to the country’s growing population, rapid industrialization, urbanization, and increasing water pollution. Ensuring access to clean and safe water is critical for public health, environmental sustainability, and economic development. India faces challenges such as contamination of surface and groundwater sources, scarcity of potable water in urban and rural areas, and the rising demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors. As a result, water treatment solutions play a crucial role in managing water resources efficiently, protecting human health, and supporting sustainable development.

Drinking water treatment is a primary aspect of India’s water treatment sector. Surface water from rivers, lakes, and reservoirs, as well as groundwater sources, often contain impurities, pathogens, and chemical contaminants that make it unsafe for human consumption. Conventional water treatment processes such as coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection are widely used to remove suspended solids,…

Molybdenum is a transition metal with the chemical symbol Mo and atomic number 42. It is a silvery-gray, hard, and ductile metal known for its remarkable strength, corrosion resistance, and ability to withstand high temperatures. Unlike many other metals, molybdenum retains its mechanical properties even under extreme conditions, making it an essential material across numerous industries. Although not as widely recognized as iron or copper, molybdenum is considered a strategic element due to its critical role in steelmaking, energy, electronics, and chemical processes.

Molybdenum rarely occurs as a free element in nature and is most commonly found in minerals such as molybdenite (MoS₂), wulfenite, and powellite. The extraction of molybdenum typically involves flotation processes to concentrate molybdenite from ore, followed by roasting to produce molybdenum trioxide. This oxide can then be reduced to pure metal or further processed into various compounds and alloys. Although the global reserves are concentrated in specific…

Antimony is a metalloid element with the chemical symbol Sb (from the Latin name stibium) and atomic number 51. It has been known to humans for thousands of years and has historically been used in cosmetics, alloys, and medicines. Today, antimony plays an important role in modern industries due to its unique combination of physical and chemical properties. It exists in both metallic and non-metallic forms, with applications ranging from flame retardants and alloys to semiconductors and energy storage systems.

In its natural state, antimony is most commonly found in the form of stibnite (Sb₂S₃), a sulfide mineral that has historically been the primary source of the element. Although pure antimony is relatively rare, it can be extracted through smelting processes or by treating its ores with reducing agents. The metal is brittle, silvery-white in appearance, and exhibits poor electrical and thermal conductivity compared to other metals. However, its capacity…

Viscose, often referred to as viscose rayon, is a semi-synthetic fiber that occupies a unique position between natural and synthetic textiles. Derived from cellulose, typically sourced from wood pulp or cotton linters, viscose is manufactured through a chemical process that transforms natural cellulose into a fiber with desirable qualities such as softness, breathability, and versatility. It is one of the most widely used fibers in the global textile industry and is often regarded as an affordable alternative to silk due to its lustrous appearance and smooth texture. The name "viscose" comes from the viscous organic liquid formed during the production process, which is later spun into fibers or filaments.

The manufacturing process of viscose begins with the extraction of cellulose from natural sources, followed by treatment with chemicals such as sodium hydroxide and carbon disulfide to produce cellulose xanthate. This substance is then dissolved in a solution to form a…